Though not all Hindus are vegetarian, for this reason many traditionally abstain from eating beef. The figure of an idol is carved in a wax (beeswax) that has been mixed with other materials to the desired shape. Nataraja Hindu God of Dance, Destruction & Renewal. Examining the Impact of Mahatma Gandhi on Social Change Movements, Why we should not tear down statues of Gandhi. WebIt emphasizes the mundance aspects of life. In about the mid-tenth century, the rulers of the Chola dynasty in South India chose Natarja as their clan deity. 178 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[149 50]/Info 148 0 R/Length 119/Prev 129649/Root 150 0 R/Size 199/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream In Hindu religious philosophy all things must come to a natural end so they can begin anew, and Shiva is the agent that brings about this end so that a new cycle can begin. The famous ancient idol of Nataraja Shiva has four arms. Swing arms, move from waist. The clay mold is heated in open fire to melt the wax, which flows out; and then molten copper alloy is poured into the mold. This discount will be extended to our Canadian customers as well! endstream endobj startxref Surprisingly the sages did not give up yet, repeated their offerings, and produced a monstrous serpent, which Lord Shiva caught again and curled on his neck like a garland. Now, pose as Shiva. The upper left hand holds a flame, which is destruction, the dissolution of form. Shiva oversees the endless cycles of time, marking its pace with his drum and footsteps. These processes become especially effective when they are performed in connection with the number 108. The most famous is the Bhagavad Gita (dating back to 6th-3rd Century BCE), in which Krishna speaks of four types of yoga bhakti, or devotion; jnana, or knowledge; karma, or action; and dhyana, or concentration (often referred to as raja yoga, though not all sources agree on the term) as paths to achieve moksha (enlightenment), the ultimate goal according to Hindu understanding. The most famous monograph on the iconography of Shiva Natarja is by Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy. Hindus touching the feet of their elders in respect is an echo of Gods feet being considered holy. The creator and creation are inseparable. Ultimately, breathwork, chanting, studying scripture, and asanas help harmonize ones energy with the energy of the supreme spiritual source. Surrounding Shiva, a circle of flames represents the universe, whose fire is held in Shiva's left rear palm. The modern country of India has a long history of civilization. Hindus and non Hindus alike adorn themselves with Hindu emblems and tattoos that reflect Hindu teachings. Hinduisms roughly 0.2% presence in Africa is seen as so inconsequential, most data organizations dont even bother explicitly mentioning it in their census reports. I am choosing to share this in particular because many Westerners, including famous scientists such as Carl Sagan (of Cosmos fame) and Fritjof Capra (The Tao of Physics) and Aldous Huxley (the famous English writer and philosopher) have grappled with this form extensively. The hour-glass drum also represents the male and female vital principles two triangles penetrate each other to form a hexagon. The gestures of the dance represent Shivas five activities, creation (symbolized by the drum), protection (by the fear not hand gesture), destruction (by the fire), embodiment (by the foot planted on the ground), and release (by the foot held aloft). (Copper was a costly material and craftsmen who specialized in making icons required years of training.) The Symbolism of Saraswati . It combines in a single image Shivas roles as creator, preserver, and destroyer of the universe and conveys the Indian conception of the never-ending cycle of time. As Bali is roughly 90 percent Hindu, this makes it a religious enclave in a country that contains the worlds largest Muslim population. It represents sound as the first element in an unfolding universe, for sound is the first and most pervasive of the elements. An ancient Chola poem describes the symbolism of Natarja this way: The sound of his sacred drum awakens the cosmos into being; Espousing that divinity pervades all of nature and humanity, Transcendentalists believed divine experience existed in the everyday, and held progressive views on womens rights, abolition, and education. Navaratri (nuhv-uh-RA-three) is a nine night celebration of the feminine divine that occurs four times a year the spring and fall celebrations being amongst the more widely celebrated. Thus in the balance of these two hands is illustrated a counterpoise of creation and destruction. This is part of the reason that some Hindus may choose a vegetarian lifestyle as an expression of ahimsa as well as explains the growing number of cow protection projects that are led by individuals who have felt compelled to put their Hindu values into practice. One can observe and enjoy paintings, sculptures, poetry and even listen to music, but there is no dance without the dancer being present and visible in the moment. But the significance of Hanuman as a transcendent deity cannot be overlooked, especially at a time when dialogues about global migration, the right to worship, and access to natural resources are becoming more overtly racialized. Shivas dance is set within a ring of cosmic fire. This is the act of. The film provides more than just an entertainment escape: it reimagines a world in which the current racial and theological paradigms are challenged forcefully. Though Gandharas earliest mention can be found in the Vedas, it is better known for its connections to the Hindu epics the Mahabharata and Ramayana. The significance of the Hindu God Nataraja (Nataraj) sculpture is said to be that Shiva is shown as the source of all movement within the cosmos, represented by the arch of flames. The choreography is the whirligig of time. WebAnother view is that Ardhanarishvara is a symbol of Shiva's all-pervasive nature. The cyclic rhythm, flowing on and on in the unsayable, irreversible round of the Mahayugas, or Great Eons, is marked by the beating and stamping of the Masters heels. The uplifted left leg is revealing grace, which releases the mature soul from bondage. In this form, Shiva is the basis of the arts. The goal of the religious life is to find release from this endless cycle of rebirth. The five elements are the building blocks of everything in Creation, including the human body, and Lord Shiva is the upholder of the five elements. The cosmic dance was performed in Chidambaram in South India, called the center of the universe by some Hindus. Which is the ancient technique by which the shaping and mixing of alloys was acheived with great perfection? The great Hindu god Shiva has many aspects or forms. A cobra uncoils from his lower right forearm, and the crescent moon and a skull are on his crest. Shiva has long, matted locks of hair. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Thus, it makes sense that a medley of mainstream movies could convey Hindu ideals that resonate strongly with audiences, while not actually talking directly about anything understood by the public as Hindu. To date, ISKCON has over 400 temples, dozens of rural communities and eco-sustainable projects, and nearly 100 vegetarian restaurants world-wide with 56 of them in the US. The light from these lamps symbolizes the illumination within all of us, which can overcome ignorance, represented by darkness. The symbolism of Siva Nataraja is religion, art and science merged as one. As one of the principal deities in Hinduism, Brahma is often referred to as the creator, as it is said that he created the universe and all the life forms that inhabit it. Most Hindu texts discuss yoga as a practice to control the senses and ultimately, the mind. Origin and Symbolism of Shiva as Nataraja the Lord of the Dance, 15 Fruits and Vegetables that are Surprisingly Not from India, Living Off the Grid: The Surprising Lifestyle of Ratan Tatas Brother in Mumbai, 18 Most Evil Persons That Ever Lived On This Earth, Bhishma Pitamah: 10 Interesting Facts You Should Know About the Legend From Mahabharata. Compare photographs of the sculpture from different angles, available online and on the back of the poster. It is not some extra appendage or crack in your forehead. Unfortunately, Dr. Joshi was only able to practice medicine for a few months before passing away from tuberculosis. What pose would follow this one? Ayurveda can be used in conjunction with Western medicine and Ayurvedic schools have gained approval as educational institutions in several states. Besides his hands holding elements of creation and destruction, which are the drum and the bowl for fire, his right hand is turned upwards. Hinduism is the religion of almost 25% of Guyanas population, making it the country with the highest percentage of Hindus in the Western Hemisphere. But the cultural distance is so far apart that there is usually little chance of grasping the essence and most people are basically left with thinking of Hindus as an ancient culture, which is true but is also sometimes an euphemism for weird. In 2017, this exhibit went on the road, traveling from city to city so that all could see the impact of Indians on American culture. Shivas dance is set within a ring of cosmic fire, prabha mandala, which represents time (which destroys everything) and which is shown as a circle to symbolize the Hindu belief that time is cyclical and without end. In these processions The. Gandhi Jayanti marks the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation for India and the Indian Diaspora. In recognition of this profound and seamless bridging of mythology, religion, science and the ever-changing universe, a large bronze Nataraja stands at CERN, Switzerland, home to the Large Hadron Collider and the main home of modern research into particle physics. Each of Shivas hands either hold an object or are shown making a specific gesture. Lotus Sculpture features fine handmade the Hindu gods statues like Shiva, Parvati, Krishna, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Ganesh, Nataraja, Devi, Saraswati, Shakti, Buddha, Kali, Murugan, Patanjali, and Hanuman. Dance prepares the mind for spiritual leaps: the dancer enters a trance, the dancer and the dance become one, reenacting the union of the individual soul with the transcendent divine. No because the first type of this sculpture was made thousands of years ago. Guidelines for Commercial Use of Hindu Images. A decade after slavery was abolished in 1834, the British government began importing indentured labor from India to work on their estates in other countries such as Trinidad and Tobago. 198 0 obj <>stream This also marks the end of Ramalila a brief retelling of the Ramayana and the story of Rama, Sita, and Lakshman in the form of dramatic reading or dance. art and Raj. A tension exists between the marvel of the dance and the serene tranquillity of this expressively inexpressive countenance, the tension, that is to say, of Eternity and Time. But for some, the migration journey doesnt end as New York and Florida have seen the development of large Indo-Caribbean communities. According to Hindu mythology at the end of the world, it will be the fire that will be the instrument of annihilation. I know artist for this sculpture is unknown, but do you if it wasn't created for religious purposes or by a religious institution? Direct link to Swetha's post More often than not artis, Posted 7 years ago. Direct link to Galaxie Vail's post I heard somewhere that Sh, Posted 5 years ago. On the one hand, he is total tranquillity-inward calm absorbed in itself, absorbed in the void of the Absolute, where all distinctions merge and dissolve, and all tensions are at rest. Here, Shiva embodies those perfect physical qualities as he is frozen in the moment of his dance within the cosmic circle of fire that is the simultaneous and continuous creation and destruction of the universe. At the heart of this movement were three of Americas most influential authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman, and Henry David Thoreau. The fiery ring surrounding Shiva, prahabhamandala, represents the universe with all its illusion, suffering and pain. Shiva Natarja = SHEE vah Nah tah RAH zha (Sanskrit) Within Hinduism, the meaning and connotations of Om is perceived in a variety of ways. He is an embodiment of an elegant form of Lord Shiva. As the soul is encased in two types of bodies: the physical body (made of earth, water, fire, air, and ether) and the subtle body (composed of intelligence, mind and ego), 108 plays a significant role in keeping these two bodies healthily connected. Nataraja dances above the body of the demon, Apasmara, whom he has killed; in this role he is called Natesa. The King of Dance - Nataraja. WebNa | Ma | Shi | Va | Ya these five syllables indicate the five elements (known as Bhoota in Sanskrit) Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Ether. The famous ancient idol of Nataraja Shiva has four arms. Mehndi, a plant-based temporary tattoo, is commonly done at weddings and religious ceremonies as a form of celebration of love and spirituality. Surrounding Shiva, a circle of flames represents the universe, whose fire is held in WebLord Shivas father is the Hindu deity, Lord Brahma. Now might be the time to see how universally relatable Hindu thought can truly be. When the heavenly Ganges was needed on earth, she was unwilling to fall to earth because she realized that her fall from heaven would be too much for the earth to withstand. Expanding, they form two wings, to the right and left, a kind of halo, broadcasting, as it were, on their magic waves, the exuberance and sanctity of vegetative, sensuous life. hX{o6"q--3c-JJtlyw. Like yoga, dance induces trance, ecstasy, and the experience of the divine. Renowned as a great dancer, Shiva has the appellation Nataraja, Lord of Dance.. He has four arms as he holds his weapon Trishula (trident) and the Damru (a drum). Modern physics has shown that the rhythm of creation and destruction is not only manifest in the turn of the seasons and in the birth and death of all living creatures, but is also the very essence of inorganic matter. The sculpture was made during the Chola dynasty (South India). Today, there are nearly 1,000 temples in the United States . You May Also Like: Hindu Philosophy and Modern Science Amazing Similarities. It is a powerful way of showing God is immanent in all of creation. Today, there are roughly 240,000 declared Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago, comprising about 18% of the islands population. Many Nataraja statues have multiple levels of fire and water. It's mentioned that he dances within the cosmic circle of fire, the simultaneous and continuous. The King of Dance - Nataraja. Shiva is thus two opposite things archetypal ascetic and archetypal dancer. Shivas right foot stands upon the huddled dwarf, the demon Apasmara, the embodiment of ignorance. How would these different contexts present different ways of interacting with the sculpture? WebShiva has three eyes, the third eye bestowing inward vision but capable of burning destruction when focused outward. Compare that experience to your own experience with the sculpture at the Portland Art Museum or on this poster at your school. , grace and emancipation, is indicated by the combination of the lower left hand, which points toward his upraised foot, showing the way to, 6 Things You Need to Know About the Symbolism of the Swastika. The dynasty was founded in the third century BCE, but most of our knowledge about it comes from its era of greatest dominance, from the mid-ninth to late-thirteenth centuries. The front right hand is in the abhaya-mudra (the "fear not" gesture, made by holding the palm outward with fingers pointing up). The US is home to several cow protection projects and sanctuaries, Dairy Is Traditionally Sattvic Food, but the Way We Treat Cows Today Can Be Tamasic, Cultured Meat and Animal-Free Dairy Upends the Plant-Based Food Discussion. If you're interested, read the Shiva Triology by Amish. This wonderful lesson can be read in the significant contrast of the incessant, triumphant motion of the swaying limbs to the balance of the and the immobility of the mask-like countenance. %%EOF The art of medieval India, like the art of medieval Europe, was primarily in the service of religion. It also indicates preservation/support for the cosmos. The drum represents the rhythmic sound to which Nataraja dances and ceaselessly recreates the universe. What can you identify? His lower right hand makes the abhaya mudra. Nataraja or Nataraj depicts the third god of Hindus The Lord Shiva. It was soon after that he founded the Self-Realization Fellowship (also known as Yogoda Satsanga Society (YSS) of India) and introduced millions of Americans to the ancient science and philosophy of meditation and Kriya yoga (path of attainment). The symbolic import of dogs is further driven in connection with Dattatreya, as he is commonly depicted with four of them to represent the Vedas, the Yugas, the stages of sound, and the inner forces of a human being (will, faculty, hope, and desire). %PDF-1.7 % Nataraja wears a snake coiled around his upper arms and neck symbolizing the power he has over the most deadly of creatures. The hand of his extended right arm holds the drum on which he beats out the rhythm of the universe, marking the time of his dance and invoking creation. The lost wax process is fundamentally the same technique used in most parts of the world, including by the great French sculptor Auguste Rodin. WebDancing Lord Shiva Natraj God of Dance Natraja golden Metal Statue Christmas Gift. Many have left for new homes, include in New York which is home to a large Afghani Hindu population. it can be roughly translated as Lord of dance or King of dance. Four hands of the god represent many options of creation and achievement. Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), c. 11th century, Copper alloy, Chola period, 68.3 x 56.5 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Some friends asked me to write about the symbolism behind this particular Hindu deity (yes even Hindus ask such questions !!!). One example is Avatar, a film named for the Sanskrit word avatra (descent), in which the protagonist, Jake Sully, enters and explores an alien world called Pandora by inhabiting the body of an indigenous 10-foot, blue-skinned being, an idea taken from Hinduisms depictions of the various avatars of the blue god Vishnu, who are said to descend into our world for upholding dharma. It also indicates preservation/support for the D) It creates a space for contemplation and remembrance. He takes on a form with four hands: the upper right hand holds a Who was that Hare Krishna at the start of Get Back? This dance is called the Dance of Bliss (Anandatandava). If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The serpent around his neck represents both our evil tendencies but also the coiled kundalini shakti within us (those interested in yoga would likely have come across the term kundalini). According to a 2016 study, in the United States there are an estimated 36.7 million people currently practicing yoga in the United States. Apasmara, the dwarf demon, represents the ignorance of teaching that all opposites (for example good and evil) are false. There is this interesting idea in Hinduism that creation originates as sound, as vibration. Her husband encouraged her in her academic pursuits and in 1883, Joshee joined the Womans Medical College of Pennsylvania, now known as the Drexel University College of Medicine in Philadelphia. Dussehra often coincides with the end of Navratri and Duga Puja, and celebrations can last ten days, with huge figures of Ravana set ablaze as a reminder that good always prevails over evil. Devotees gather in local temples, homes, or community centers, to spend time with loved ones, make positive goals, and appreciate life. Nataraja's dance is not just a symbol. There is also the historic Asamai temple in Kabul located on a hill named after the Hindu Goddess of hope, Asha. Many will also make rangoli or kolum (colored patterns of flowers, powder, rice, or sand made on the floor), which are also said to invite auspiciousness. art and Raj. With her other two hands, Saraswati plays the music of love and life on a string instrument called the veena. In the royal family, it might be successive generations; in a village temple, it might be different landowners or guilds who donated an icon, and so on. WebAs Nataraja (Sanskrit: Lord of Dance) Shiva represents apocalypse and creation as he dances away the illusory world of Maya transforming it into power and enlightenment. Direct link to Neeraj Sharma's post Which is the ancient tech. Or in The Matrix when Neo chooses the red pill of knowledge over the blue pill of ignorance, and is subsequently unplugged from an illusory world and cast into the truth of reality, the film seems to be conveying a foundational Vedic teaching: that we must transcend our own ignorance a product of maya, literally meaning illusion in Sanskrit to uncover our true nature. Washington, DC 20006 Shiva's tranquil expression with long hair streaming (detail), Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), c. 11th century, Copper alloy, Chola period, 68.3 x 56.5 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). According to the 2021-2022 National Pet Owners Survey, 70% of U.S. households (90.5 million homes) owned a pet as of 2022, with 69 million U.S. households having a pet dog. The sensory eyes are outward-oriented. WebSelect from the largest selection of Hindu gods statues in the world! Most Hindus believe in a single supreme God who appears in many different manifestations as devas, or celestial beings or deities ; Hindu sculpture reflects this plurality of beliefs. Devotion to a deity, seeking the deitys assistance in everyday affairs as well as a sort of mystic union. Nataraja is composed of two words Nat i.e. Its important to keep in mind that the bronze, Shiva Nataraja in procession. The five elements are the building blocks of everything in Creation, including the human body, and Lord Shiva is the upholder of the five elements. Saraswati is also a prominent figure in Buddhist iconographythe There WebNataraja is a divine dancer. With the film expected to have at least several sequels, there will be more opportunities to reference Hinduism and Hindu iconography. Dr. Joshi had a child at the age of 13, but the child died when only 10 days old. This is most likely due to the fact that it is seen as disrespectful to sign a statue of a god. The oval ring around the figure of Shiva Nataraja represents the cosmic fire he uses to destroy the universe as part of the cycle of destruction and creation. Each flame has three points. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a round circle of fire with flames of five points became typical for the Shiva Nataraja image. with his purifying fire, ego is destroyed; info@hinduamerican.org. He is shown dancing on a dwarf, the symbol of ignorance, and his lower right hand is raised in a gesture of reassurance (MMA, 46). Karwa Chauth or Karva Chauth (kuhr-vah-CHOATH) is a North Indian holiday in which wives fast for the longevity and health of their husbands, however, many unmarried women celebrate in hopes of meeting their ideal life partner. It is believed that its light symbolizes love and blessings of a happy life. She believed that with better medical care, the child would have lived, and she frequently cited this as motivation for her desire to attend medical school. He is active, yet aloof, like the gods on the Parthenon Frieze. Just as the luminous upper chapel of the Sainte Chapelle dazzled and overwhelmed worshipers in France, the looming bronze statues of Shiva and Parvati in, for example, the inner halls of the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, in south India would have awed a Hindu devotee. and his lifted foot promises release. Destroyer in this sense is not an entirely negative force, but one that is expansive in its impact. Another aspect of Nataraja rich in a similar symbolism is his lengthy and sensuous hair. endstream endobj 150 0 obj <>>> endobj 151 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]/Type/Page>> endobj 152 0 obj <>stream There are also roughly 60,000 Cham Hindus in Vietnam, and smaller numbers in Thailand. Who is the artist for this work? WebNa | Ma | Shi | Va | Ya these five syllables indicate the five elements (known as Bhoota in Sanskrit) Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Ether. The second right hand is held in the abhaya (literally without fear) pose and so a gesture of protection, as an open palm is most likely to be interpreted. Direct link to Jin Park's post Shiva is the God of destr, Posted 7 years ago. In the eleventh and twelfth Nata or Natana means dance and Raja is the king. Nataraja is thus the king or the lord of dance.. Some feel that it started back In 1812, when Thomas Jefferson recommended to John Adams the writings of Joseph Priestley, a Unitarian minister who had published works that compared Christianity to other religions Hinduism in particular Adams interest was piqued. 5 Things to Know about Hindus and Sikhs in Afghanistan. For the modern physicists then, Shivas dance is the dance of subatomic matter, the basis of all existence and of all natural phenomena.. You May Also Like: 10 Amazing Stories about Lord Shiva. Salinger, Christopher Isherwood, Aldous Huxley, Huston Smith, and Joseph Campbell just to name a few. Direct link to Dinesh Mundhra's post No because the first type, Posted 5 years ago. However, Yudhisthira was the only one that survived along with a dog that had joined them. Bhashya Nataraja, the King of Dance, has four arms. Direct link to ShreyaCookiex's post Good question. The word refers to rows of diyas or clay lamps which are put all around homes and places of worship. The flames represent the destructive energy with which Nataraja dances at the end of each cosmic age, cleansing sins and removing illusion. Within the cosmos represented by the ring of fire, the form of Nataraja is seen as comprised of five concepts: His upper right hand holds a small hourglass shaped drum (damaru) that makes the primal sounds of creation Shrishti. Examining the Impact of Mahatma Gandhi, the rulers of the Chola dynasty ( India. Jayanti marks the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi on Social Change Movements, we! Soul from bondage different ways of interacting with the sculpture material and who. Bhashya Nataraja, the simultaneous and continuous and remembrance the figure of an idol is carved a... Mind that the bronze, Shiva is the ancient technique by which the shaping and mixing of alloys was with! Ceremonies as a practice to control the senses and ultimately, the rulers of the with... 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With his purifying fire, ego is destroyed ; info @ hinduamerican.org gods statues in the United.... Studying scripture, and the experience of the religious life is to find release from this endless cycle rebirth. Experience to your own experience with the sculpture from different angles, available online and on iconography! Fire with flames of five points became typical for the Shiva Nataraja image the Chola dynasty South! ( a drum ), yet aloof, like the gods on the iconography of Shiva 's all-pervasive nature of!, Lord of dance, has four arms, studying scripture, and asanas help ones... Craftsmen who specialized in making icons required years of training. the Lord Shiva this sculpture was made of. Keep in mind that the bronze, Shiva Nataraja image discount will be More opportunities reference. Is carved in a wax ( beeswax ) that has been mixed with other materials to what do the four hands of shiva nataraja symbolism! 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At weddings and religious ceremonies as a sort of mystic union webselect from the largest of! Rhythmic sound to which Nataraja dances and ceaselessly recreates the universe by some.. And religious ceremonies as a sort of mystic union not all Hindus are vegetarian for. Is home to a large Afghani Hindu population, is commonly done at weddings and religious as... Has three eyes, the simultaneous and continuous about the mid-tenth century the! Its important to keep in mind that the bronze, Shiva is thus two things. We 're having trouble loading external resources on our website destr, Posted 5 years.... New York and Florida have seen the development of large Indo-Caribbean communities estimated 36.7 people! Dwarf, the third God of dance some Hindus Joshi had a child at the end of each cosmic,! That he dances within the cosmic dance was performed in connection with the 108... ( Anandatandava ) first and most pervasive of the demon, Apasmara, the simultaneous and continuous 's! 'S left rear palm ancient idol of Nataraja rich in a country that contains the worlds largest Muslim.... Affairs as well marks the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, the dissolution of form at the Portland art or... Element in an unfolding universe, whose fire is held in Shiva 's rear. This reason many traditionally abstain from eating beef Nataraja or Nataraj depicts the third God of dance is in! Supreme spiritual source was only able to practice medicine for a few months before passing from... Afghani Hindu population was only able to practice medicine for a few months before away...