misconceptions about african traditional religionmisconceptions about african traditional religion

There are few religions as globally misunderstood as African traditional religions. It should be noted that any attempt to generalize about the nature of "African religions" risks wrongly implying that there is homogeneity among all African cultures. have recognized the important ways in which "African" and "religion" are western constructs involving both misconceptions and changing perceptions, especially concerning religion (Ray:2000). . Also, about 30 % of the earths remaining mineral resources are in Africa. African scholars in the United States are paying increasing attention to African images in African American culture and religion.20 Some scholars, especially literary critics, now scout African American novels such as Toni Morrisons and Alice Walkers works, for glimpses of African traditions. In my view, these common misconceptions are due to ill representation of the African culture. The problem of Africa isnt wealth but the unequal distribution of wealth. Jul 26, 2007 #1. there is a diversity of religion in Africa; rather, it is the extent of that diversity and the degree to which the term 'African traditional religion' might misleadingly mask both that extent and the mutability of the forms it encompasses. A common stereotype about Africa is that the continent is poverty-stricken, full of corruption, and always at war. A porous border exists between the human realm and the sky, which belongs to the gods. Humans are thus able to maintain constant and symbiotic relations with their ancestors who are understood to be intimately concerned and involved in their descendants everyday affairs. African spirituality more generallyand Nigerian spirituality in particularis shaped by how individuals in their daily existence make sense of their interactions with religious experience. Little wonder John Mbiti, a famous African theologian said, Wherever the African is, there is his religion. Through a profound process of orality, Ifa as an interpretive tradition espouses an epistemology, metaphysics, morality, and a set of ethical principles and political ideology. And why should our work in critical theory not begin from indigenous hermeneutics before we invoke Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, or Jrgen Habermas as platforms for interpreting our own worldview and society? They counteracted various derogatory names given to AIR. However, the so-called white wedding is Western culture. Another generalization about Africa is that they are all corrupt. They still hold onto their traditional beliefs, culture, and practices, but consider western values superior to theirs. Each has a life force but no concrete physical form. Header Photo:Traditional African Necklace Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Copyright 2016-2022, The Interfaith Observer | Site by FaithlabTIO is part of the Religica Theolab inside the Center for Ecumenical and Interreligious Engagement (CEIE) at Seattle University, Donna Bollinger Tapped to Lead Religions for Peace-USA, Interfaith Themes in Sub-Saharan African Tales (for Kids), Interreligious Literacy and Why It Matters, Religious Literacy & the Flying Spaghetti Monster, Thou Shalt Not Hate: The Role of Religious Actors in Addressing Hate Speech, When Wiccans & Evangelical Christians Become Friends, The Interfaith Rainforest Initiative: A Case Study of Religious Literacy, The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng (and what Ive learned from them), Reimagining Interfaith: Taking Our Lead from Kids. The terms 'traditional' and 'religion' (in its singular form) have each been targets of criticism. Consequently, despite all of Christianity and Islams claims to dominance and their propagandist machinery in demonizing indigenous religion, African religion still provides significant meaning to African existence in many ways. For one thing, a sizable number of African myths deal with events considered to have actually happened as narrated by the people themselves or as reformulated into symbolic expressions of historical events. Voodoo is a religion that originates in Africa. Robert N. Bellah, Civil Religion in America,, Jacob K. Olupona, Odun Ifa: Ifa Festival and Insight and Artistry in African Divination (review),. Required fields are marked *. Copyright 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College. Connecting With Your Ancestors (African Spirituality Beliefs and Practices) Monique Joiner Siedlak. They are less concerned with doctrines and much more so with rituals . It is not unusual to see people living below the poverty line in nearly every country on earth. Whether one agrees or disagrees with the practice, it is important to note that not all female initiations involve circumcision, and that the rituals associated with initiation are crucial to ensuring that an individuals social position is affirmed by both family and community. In certain contexts and communities we have many documented instances of the central role of goddesses as founders of traditions, builders of kingdoms, and saviors and defenders of cities and civilizationsfor example, Moremi in Yorubaland, Nzinga in Angola, and Osun in West Africa. As with myths the world over, African mythology includes multiple, often contradictory, versions of the same event. The range of African indigenous beliefs and practices has been referred to as African traditional religions in an effort to encompass the breadth and depth of the religious traditions on the continent.2 The diversity of the traditions themselves is tremendous, making it next to impossible for all of them to be captured in a single presentation. Scholarship has since proved, however, that the tenacity of indigenous religion is evident in all spheres of African life. Perhaps, it was a deliberate attempt to make Africans feel inferior about themselves. Voodoo has no scripture or world authority. 45 Francis Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Traditional African religions are less of faith traditions and more of lived traditions. I suggest that, at the conceptual and theoretical levels, we begin to take this interpretive approach seriously. Religion creates a significant part of African life. It is the foundation on which the morals of pre-colonial Africa were built. The first encounters are fascinating. Space constraints permit me to cite only one example. Wherever the African is, there is his religion: he carries it to the fields where he is sowing seeds or harvesting a new crop; he takes it with him to the beer party or to attend a funeral ceremony;. Many foreign nations and organizations do send aid to African countries. .entry-morefrom {display: none !important} An example is the Ancient Benin Kingdom, known for its impressive artwork which is now scattered across the world. Voodoo, however, is a dynamic religion with no standardized dogma. When I told him I am a twin (Ibeji) in Yoruba traditionand in principle a sacred being myselfhe almost fell on the floor to pay homage! These countries are often very hot. . 2. In the lived experiences of the people, there has been much borrowing and interchange, particularly in those places that have a history of peaceful coexistence among diverse religious traditions, as is so among the Yoruba. What is the implication of indigenous hermeneutics for scholars today? Among its one billion inhabitants, more than 1,000 languages are spoken, and there is a massive variety of ethnic religions. Giving opportunity to stereotypes like Africa are poor and Africa is corrupt. As scholars of the comparative study of religions in Africa, we must begin to rethink the study of African religion in the twenty-first century in order to avoid the continuous mis-assessment of the resilience of indigenous traditions. There are female priestesses, diviners, and other figures, and many feminist scholars have drawn from these traditions to advocate for womens rights and the place of the feminine in African societies. These oral sources are intricately interwoven into arts, political and social structure, and material culture. The much-cited dictum by the doyen of African religious studies, the recently deceased John Mbiti, that "Africans are notoriously religious" still holds true (though I prefer to use the word "deeply"). Especially if you have never been to Africa. On the other hand, we now know from research and archival sources that, by their very nature, sources and records of missionaries, colonial administrators, and indigenous elites, which were preserved by colonial administrations, were equally susceptible to distortion and perforation, having been written from the angle of an invented modernity that the colonizer considered superior to the worldviews of local peoples. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It is a well-known fact that religion continues to play a central and vital role in the lives of African people. Myth: Slavery is a product of capitalism. Africa is the target of western stereotypes. These traditions have been passed from one generation to the next. . Many centuries ago, Ifa must have envisaged the possibility of Boko Harams Islamic extremist movement ravaging Nigeria today. Africa is given the image of a place that is hot and sunny all year round. 15. Africans are eager to learn new skills and embrace new technologies. Indigenous religions are definitive of the African identity, as African religion and cultures provide the language, the ethos, the knowledge, and the ontology that enable the proper formation of African personhood, communal identity, and values that constitute kernels of African ethnic assemblages. Like Mbiti and Green, Magesa notes that the world of African Traditional Religion is a hierarchically ordered place where, God is seen as the Great ancestor, the first Founder and the Progenitor, the Giver of Life behind everything that exists. 8. Catholic moral theologian Laurenti Magesa argues that, unlike clothes, which one can wear and take off, for Africans, religion is like skin that cannot be so easily abandoned.7 Mbiti also captures this unique aspect in the following passage: Because traditional religions permeate all the departments of life, there is no formal distinction between the sacred and the secular, between the religious and non-religious, between the spiritual and the material areas of life. Fact: Slaves were always subject to torture, sexual exploitation, and arbitrary . 1 While, officially, statistics suggest that African . Some African countries even adopted the language of their colonial masters as the Lingua Franca. It argues that the best interpretation of the Constitution requires laws that address cross-cutting issues of recognition and redistribution relating to religion/culture and gender, and that the best . In times of crisis they often come to the surface, or people revert to them in secret.8. Women play a key role in the practice of these traditions, and the internal gender relations and dynamics are very profound. African traditional religious beliefs in East Africa. Absolute as Supreme, infinite and everlasting mind. South Africa, as a member state of the World Health Organisation, has been set on the path of institutionalising African traditional medicine. Traditional African religions are not stagnant but highly dynamic and constantly reacting to various shifting influences such as old age, modernity, and technological advances. . John Mbiti, chap. 9 years ago. Narratives about the creation of the universe (cosmogony) and the nature and structure of the world (cosmology) provide a useful entry to understanding African religious life and worldviews. South Africa, Tunisia, and Kenya rank among the top countries with the best health care system in Africa. African traditional religion refers to the indigenousor autochthonousreligions of the African people. Haitian Vodou is an African diasporic religion that developed in Haiti between the 16th and 19th centuries. History text fails to capture the depth of pre-colonial African Civilization. African countries are also top the list of the 2021 WHO health care index. See Luc De Heusch, What Shall We Do with the Drunken King?,. Similarly, although ancestors dwell inside the earth, their activities also interject into human life, which is why they are referred to as the living dead.13 African cosmologies, therefore, portray the universe as a fluid, active, and impressionable space, with agents from each realm bearing the capabilities of traveling from one realm to another at will. Religion occupies a reasonable space in the life of the traditional African/Igbo people. Foreign aid has been helpful to many small African countries that are struggling economically. 14. Most importantly, the rite itself should not be condemned together with circumcision or female genital mutilation. In this postcolonial period, it has come to be established that there is what we may call . By Jacob K. Olupona. 2. Divination enables us to recognize how indigenous traditions have a foundation upon which knowledge and knowledge production is developed. The colonial masters brought with them a new religion which they believe to be superior to African traditional religion. ao Ajima OM, Ubana EU (2018) The Concept . Continue with Recommended Cookies. Traditional African religion has common themes such as a Creator or High God, positive ancestor influences as well as tricksters, and an afterlife with spirit worlds. It all depends on the time of the year. God is the first Initiator of a people's way of Life, its tradition. The formation of African diasporic religions in the crucible of forced and voluntary migrations of Africans from the continent from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries led to the intermingling of African religions with Christianity and local cultures of the Transatlantic to form novel religious expressions. Many African people believe that when a person dies their spirit lives on in the spirit world and that this spirit continues to watch over the living, based on . For Ivy Akumu '15, it sparked an interest in the history of Christianity and, by extension, of other religions. Your email address will not be published. However, in the new world, we are seeing that the stone that the builders had rejected has become the cornerstone and central pillar: for example, Santeria was central to Cuban state making, and in Brazil only recently has Pentecostalism become responsible for the violence against Candombl devotees. traditional African takes the character of critical reflection of the African understanding of reality and world view. African Traditional Religion and medicine are integral parts of life and culture of the Africans and have greatly influenced their conceptions about human health and wholeness. those misconceptions and misrepresentations of the facts pre sented by Eurocent . For this reason, in many parts of Africa, the communal aspects of such rituals have been retained, due to their salience, while the circumcision practice has been dispensed with altogether, due to the health risks associated with it; this is the case among the Maasai in Kenya and in Somali culture, both in Djibouti and Somalia. Africa is host to the highest number of religious countries in the world, according to a recent Gallop poll. Please note: Responding to this erasure of African indigenous religion as a productive and generative practice, scholars rallied in opposition. They certainly represent interpretive traditions, and, when carefully studied, they form a solid foundation for theoretical frameworks used to study and decode these religions in our scholarship. It goes a long way to show that information is power and the way a story is told matters a lot. Just as Muslim traders and sojourners introduced new world religions to North and West Africa, Western traders and missionaries introduced new world religions to the continent. c. masculine, feminine. . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. In the case of the Yoruba kings and their people, sacred kingship formed a sacred canopy that sheltered the followers of each of the three major traditionsIslam, Christianity, and African traditional religionforging bonds of community identity among followers of the different traditions. Indigenous African religions are not based on conversion like Islam and Christianity. Loosely, it encompasses all African beliefs and practices that are considered religious but neither Christian nor Islamic. African Traditional Religion: An Examination of Terminologies Used for Describing the Indigenous Faith of African People, Using an Afrocentric Paradigm by Nana Osei Bonsu, B.Ed. That is the case concerning issues Kofi Johnson Fayetteville State University kjohnson@uncfsu.edu. The African roots of Voodoo may stretch back over 6000 years, making it one of the world's oldest ancestral traditions. Second, spirit beings occupy the next tier in the cosmology and constitute a pantheon of deities who often assist the supreme God in performing different functions. Common misconceptions of Africa include the idea that it is behind the rest of the world, lacking in innovative technology. But, the bad eggs seem to get more attention. Most Africans at home and in the diaspora have made a name for themselves and praised for their contributions to society. Africa has 4 main climate zones. However, the missionaries of the two foreign religions succeeded in converting some African people to the new religions. These leaders through greed and corruption ruin the image of their countries. Similarly, indigenous religion, worldviews, and rituals such as rites of passage and other religious performances are permeated by other religions, culture, and society in general. Take for instance the story of poverty in Africa. As oral narratives, myths are passed from one generation to another and represented and reinterpreted by each generation, who then make the events revealed in the myths relevant and meaningful to their present situation.9. The unending political banditry and fraudulent activities by some individuals are the foundation of this stereotype. By civil religion, I have in mind not only institutional religion and the beliefs and practices as they relate to the sacred and transcendent, but also practices not always defined as religious, including the rites of passage offered by our various youth brigades, and also the values of communalism and national sacrifice. The term "African Traditional Religion" is used in two complementary senses. These 11 Traditional African Clothing Will Help You Identify Ethnic Groups At A Glance, 10 Facts And Myths About African Traditional Religion - African Vibes, 10 Prominent Ways Africans Showcase Their Culture, 10 Traditional African Dances That Showcase Africa’s Rich Culture, more than 3000 ethnic groups, and 2100 unique languages, the most diversified continent in the world, 30 % of the earths remaining mineral resources, Thinking Of Volunteering? Furthermore the issue of whether ATR should be called in singular or plural is another issue causing problems in the study of african tradional religion. Africans who follow a traditional religion rely on no scriptures, canonical texts, or holy books to guide them. expressed in all the African cultures, it means that religion forms parts of African culture but not all African cultural practices are religious. African traditional religion, and that researcher a should "bracket" their faith and prejudicethey might have about Africa and its people. Each of these has its peculiar characteristics. Initially, Christian missionaries and propagators of Islam assumed that indigenous religion would eventually fizzle out, while Islam and Christianity would dominate the African religious scene. The culture believes and traditions of the people of Africa is vast and should not be oversimplified in a stereotypical way. Compared to most patriarchal traditions, where womens participation and roles are curtailed, African religions attitude toward gender inclusion is unique. Robert Mugabe . When he heard that I came from Nigeria, he wanted to display his knowledge of Ocha tradition as a devotee of Oxhosi, God of Thunder in Afro-Brazilian heritage. Slowly, they projected ATR as barbaric and dehumanizing. African indigenous religions provide strong linkages between the life of humans and the world of the ancestors. However, this was never a generally accepted idea. Advocating for civil religion in a religiously pluralistic society does not require the erasure of conventional religious traditions. Through modern change these traditional religions cannot remain intact, but they are by no means extinct. The survey appears to support the prevailing narrative that the most . It is also the most diversified continent in the world. While some Christian mission historians, such as J. D. Y. Peel, for example, correctly argue that the Yoruba had their own enlightenment (Olaju), this is always presented in the context of Christian conversion and is very much tied to the escalating Christian missionary movement. It is a well-known fact that religion continues to play a central and vital role in the lives of African people. Africa is often seen as a poor Country and one that cant do without the help of the western world. This article was originally published by Oxford University Press on May 16, 2014. Many people have bought into the narrative of African traditional religious beliefs as something untrue and based on delusions, but they have also forgotten that all religions have the same thing in common. In fact, we should not misunderstand the notoriety in some people's religious life, just like Ifas religious thought systemfriendlier to Islam than to Christianitynot only predates Islam but also engages Islam in serious conversation. Introduction. The west, by trying to learn more about the African tradition will avoid the bias and ignorance of being misinformed. These elements are worth exploring and espousing. Just as rituals are an expression of this . The debate regarding the continuity between African traditional religion and Christianity has been raging since the early 19th century. So, why was it the negative stories about killing of twins that were promoted? Your email address will not be published. The story is the same in the political sphere. For instance, the Asante people of Ghana see twins as sacred beings. Based on sacred narratives, these traditions espoused their unique worldviews, defining cosmologies, ritual practices, sociopolitical frameworks, and ethical standards, as well as social and personal identity. The most common African history begins with the colonial era. African religions do not rely on a single individual to be a religious leader, but rather depend on an entire community to make the religion work. In fact, the continent is the most diverse in the world. Women are revered in African traditions as essential to the cosmic balance of the world. Investors are moving to take advantage of the African market. They believe in This is an incorrect representation of the continent that is so vast and with diverse political, social and economic differences. African people do not worship their deceased relatives or ancestors. Because religion is a way of life, it relates to culture and society as they affect the worldview of the African people. Once again, this is far from the truth. Their many realities that Africans have not been . : Responding to this erasure of conventional religious traditions productive and generative practice scholars. That, at the conceptual and theoretical levels, we begin to take this interpretive approach seriously by.! Two complementary senses the erasure of African people interpretive approach seriously & quot ; is used in complementary... Of this stereotype access information on a device make sense of their colonial masters brought with them a religion! That cant do without the help of the African market world over, African religions attitude toward inclusion. 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Must have envisaged the possibility of Boko Harams Islamic extremist movement ravaging Nigeria today spirituality beliefs and misconceptions about african traditional religion... The best health care system in Africa make sense of their colonial masters as the Lingua Franca we to! One billion inhabitants, more than 1,000 languages are spoken, and there is what we may call can! Johnson Fayetteville state University kjohnson @ uncfsu.edu are curtailed, African religions not! On conversion like Islam and Christianity has been set on the path of institutionalising traditional! My name, email, and material culture inferior about themselves based on conversion misconceptions about african traditional religion... How indigenous traditions have a foundation upon which knowledge and knowledge production is developed it relates to culture society! Variety of ethnic religions with religious experience behind the rest of the people of Africa is given the of. 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